Luna Moths Inspire Poetry

Male Luna moth in morning sun. Note feathery antennae 

A different version of this article, with more photos, was posted on this blog May 2013. Still there.

Luna moths sightings are rare. The moths themselves are not so much rare as secluded, secretive and short-lived, for these are deep-woods dwelling, night-flying, short-lived moths. In New England, adults emerge from pupa in mid-May to early June. The adults rest all day. The adults do not feed, hence are never seen flitting from flower to flower, and live for only about a week - their sole purpose (besides beauty) being to mate before dying.

In northern states the cycle from egg hatching to egg laying takes a year, with only the last week spent as a winged adult. In central and southern states there may be two or even three generations during the warm months, with only first cycle of adults having overwintered as pupae.

The males use their intricately branched antennae to detect scent pheromones released by females. The detection system is so sensitive that a male in flight can detect the presence of just a few molecules in the air. He will then immediately turn and fly upwind into the mild night wind, traveling miles on her gradually intensifying scent steam until he finds her perched on a tree.

Each male and female mate once (a process that takes several hours). The female deposits several hundred fertilized eggs over the next 2-3 nights. Caterpillars hatch several weeks later, eat and grow until fall, over-winter as a pupa, then burst forth as adults in early summer.

Tiger Swallowtail butterfly feeding at flower

Luna moths have "eyespots" on both pairs of wings. Some related species have eyespots only on the underwings. There is a theory that moving the top pair of wings apart to suddenly reveal what looks like large eyes on the underwings might briefly scare away an attacking bird or other predator, allowing the moth time to escape.

Henry David Thoreau jotted a few notes in his journal, June 1859: "I found a remarkable moth lying flat on the still water as if asleep, they appear to sleep during the day, as large as the smaller birds. Five and a half inches in alar extent and about three inches long...with a remarkably narrow lunar cut tail of a sea green color with four conspicuous spots whitish within then a red line, then yellowish border below or toward the tail, but brown orange and black above toward head. A very robust body covered with a kind of downy plumage an inch and a quarter long by five eighths thick. The sight affected me as tropical and I suppose it is the northern verge of some species. It suggests into what productions Nature would run if all the year were a July."

Similar moths, i.e., night fliers with green coloring, wing eyespots and tailed underwings, live elsewhere in the world. A search on "moon moth" will yield information and pictures on many related species in Asia, Africa, plus one in Spain that as a caterpillar eats pine needles.

Ruby-throated hummingbirds have wingspan and body
weight similar to Luna moths. Painting by Bruce Davidson.

In many cultures, butterflies and moths are thought to represent human souls. From Bulfinch's Mythology "The Greek name for a butterfly is Psyche, and the same word means the soul. There is no illustration of the immortality of the soul so striking and beautiful as the butterfly, bursting on brilliant wings from the tomb [pupa] in which it has lain, after a dull, groveling, caterpillar existence, to flutter in the blaze of day and feed on the most fragrant and delicate productions of the spring. Psyche, then, is the human soul, which is purified by sufferings and misfortunes, and is thus prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness."

Psyche's story is of a young woman who became the lover of Eros (Cupid), who was with her only during the darkness of night. For the forbidden folly of viewing his sleeping body by lamplight, she was tasked by the Goddess Aphrodite (Eros' mother) with four near-impossible challenges. Upon completing these, she was given the drink of immortality by Zeus, and rejoined Eros. In art, Psyche is often portrayed with butterfly wings while Eros is shown with feathered wings.

POETRY AND OTHER HOMAGE TO LUNA MOTHS

Luna moths show up in poems. For reason of copyright, none are reproduced here, but an internet search on Luna moth poetry will turn up at least a dozen - easily enough for a chapbook. Authors, in no particular order: Carl Phillips, Sean Nevin, Robert Crawford, Cicely Parks, Jeff Friedman, Don McKay, David Mark, Jo Pitkin, Aerlynne, Amanda, Christine Kelley, Steve Luxton, Jerry Judge, Kay Goldstein, Sharon Rose Miller, Daniel Tobin, September...

An internet search on 'luna moth tattoo' will yield many interesting images.

A Cleaner River - the Assabet Transformed

Moss in early Spring, wetlands near Assabet River

In its natural state the Assabet was a glorious little river, but historically it took awhile to settle on a name. Old maps show Assabeth, Asabet, Elizbeth, Elizabet…all thought to be Anglicized versions of an Algonquin Indian name. One of the alternative names is preserved in Elizabeth Brook, a tributary that flows southwards through Stow before merging into the Assabet River.


Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: “Rowing our boat against the current, between wide meadows, we turn aside into the Assabeth. A more lovely stream than this, for a mile above its junction with the Concord, has never flowed on earth.”

Given its modest length and modest volume, the Assabet was an extremely 'worked' river, meaning that little remains of its original natural state. From the headwaters, where a dam insures less flow in times of flood and more flow in times of drought, to the conflux 31 miles and 220 feet lower in elevation where it merges with the Sudbury River to become the Concord River, the Assabet had powered eight mills, has its high water rampages hobbled by flood control dams, suffered channeling between restraining walls through the centers of Hudson and Maynard, lost water to our various usages, and gained water back from our numerous waste streams.

From Thoreau's journal entry in 1859: "So completely emasculated and demoralized is our river that it is even made to observe the Christian Sabbath... for then the river runs lowest owing to the factory and mill gates being shut. Not only the operatives make the Sunday a day of rest but the river too, to some extent, so that the very fishes feel the influence...of man's religion." His point here is that natural flow was stopped Sundays so as to back up as much water as possible before work started again Monday morning.

The Assabet was also an extremely polluted river. As Ann Zwinger wrote in A Conscious Stillness (1982) "...the reach above the Powder Mill Dam is closed by joint action of the Maynard and Acton boards of health...the river smell is nauseating, reeking like an unpumped-out campground outhouse times ten."

By then, the issue was no longer industrial pollution left over from the mills that had dotted the Assabet River and its tributaries. Rather, the smells emanated from rotting of bacteria, algae and water plants such as duckweed - the consequence of eutrophic growth promoted by the excesses of phosphorus and nitrogen entering the water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Five of these return cleaned water to the Assabet. Their combined volume is so great that in the low flow months of summer much of the river water is processed water. Surface water run-off of fertilizer from farms, golf courses and lawns also contributes unwanted nutrients, as does untreated stormwater from roads and parking lots.

Assabet River channeled through the center of Maynard, 2010 flood.

Until quite recently the limits on phosphorus content of processed water were not stringent enough to lower the rampant warm weather plant growth. But starting in 2009 and completed in 2014, all of the WWTPs on the Assabet River now meet higher standards.

Furthermore, effective January 1, 2014, lawn fertilizer purchased or used in Massachusetts may no longer contain phosphorus. Mid-summer phosphorus content in the river has decreased from 0.4-0.8 milligrams per liter to about 0.1 mg/L. A target for a healthy river is to get below 0.025 mg/L. Large amounts of sediment trapped behind dams harbors reserves of phosphorus and nitrogen, thus slowing the trend to a healthier river, but over time the water quality will continue to improve.    

All this focus on plant growth is not to say that local rivers had never suffered from industrial insult. Back in the day, wool arrived in Maynard unwashed. Cleaning it at the factory meant all the lanolin, dirt, urine and feces matted into the fleece ended up in the river, along with the chemical dyes and whatever. Children frolicked in the river behind the Main Street School (where Town Hall is now), but not downstream of the mill.  

Spring 2014: Kayaker on Assabet between
Main Street and the footbridge

One saving grace - the Assabet did not suffer the extensive mercury dumping that still haunts the Sudbury River. From 1917 to 1978 the Nyanza Color & Chemical Company operated a textile dye manufacturing factory in Ashland. Wastewater entered the Sudbury River via a tributary named Chemical Brook (how apt). The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 45 to 57 metric tons of mercury were released to the Sudbury River. Other contaminants included chromium, arsenic, lead, and carcinogenic chemicals. The current advisory: "The general public should not consume any fish from this water body."

OARS clean up, Maynard, 2012
Click on any photo to enlarge

Solid waste trash also contributed to the Assabet's lack of ambiance. In Maynard alone, decades of annual river clean-ups organized by the Organization for the Assabet, Sudbury and Concord Rivers (OARS) have removed more than 1,000 car and truck tires, tons of metal scrap and hundreds upon hundreds of pounds of broken glass. Intact glass bottles from 50-60 years ago have come out of the river. Ditto televisions, bicycles, shopping carts, beer cans... Cleaning up the river appears contagious, in that each year less new trash goes into the river. 

Coda: Fishing boating, canoeing or kayaking on the Assabet River all popular pastimes. Site  [http://www.oars3rivers.org/river/recreation] has maps and guides to boat access points. The fishing information includes where on the rivers it is safe or unsafe to eat fish. In addition to the marked boating areas, local kayakers know that at just the right water levels it is possible to enjoy Class I-II rapids through the center of Maynard by putting in below the Ben Smith Dam. If water too low, cannot get past the shallows. If water too high there is not enough clearance under the sewage pipes that run under some of the bridges.

Mill Street Bridge, Assabet River in flood, Spring 2010
Water depth was 7.1 feet at the gauge when this photo was taken.