Maynard's Main Street bridge status

Maynard's Main Street bridge is tentatively scheduled for replacement starting the summer of 2028. The estimated budget is $8.4 million, a far cry from the $20,000 that the bridge it will be replacing cost back in 1922 (or the original, $1,310 in 1849).

A bridge is rated “structurally deficient” if its deck, superstructure, or substructure is rated in poor condition, which is a rating of 4 or below on the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) rating scale. Per website https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm, "...the NBIS are the standards established over the safety inspections of highway bridges on public roads throughout the United States. The U.S. Congress originally required the Secretary of Transportation to establish these standards in 1968. The original NBIS was published in 1971, creating our Nation's first nationally coordinated bridge inspection program. Periodic and thorough inspections of our Nation's bridges are necessary to maintain safe bridge operation and prevent structural and functional failures. Updates to the standards have been made over the years, most recently in 2022. These updates recognize technological advancements, research results, and experience in administering the inspection program."

Plaque on the Main Street bridge (click to enlarge).
This plaque and one for the Walnut Street bridge
were installed on Armistice Day, November 11, 1923,
 in memory of those who served in the named wars.  

The mass.gov website https://gis.data.mass.gov/datasets/MassDOT::bridges/about has a link to a map of all bridges in Massachusetts with reports of the most recent inspections for each bridge. Maynard has three Assabet River bridges that are more than 100 years old: Walnut Street, Main Street and Route 117/62 toward Stow. The latter is also known as the Ben Smith bridge, as it is not far downstream from the Ben Smith dam. (The dam so-named because it was Ben Smith who sold the land to Amory Maynard and William Knight to build the dam that would power their mill.) These were all constructed as rebar-reinforced concrete bridges, with an expected lifespan of 50-75 years. The Walnut and Route 117/62 bridges were recently scored as six overall, i.e., "Fair", with no four or lower scores for deck, superstructure or substructure. In contrast, the Main Street bridge - constructed in 1922 - had an overall score of four, i.e., "Poor", with a four score for deck and superstructure and five for substructure. The image shows some of the deteriorating concrete.

A search for proposed bridge projects identified #604564 as a replacement of this bridge (#M-10-004), with a planned start date as summer of 2028. The existing bridge has a curb-to-curb with of 36 feet with 6.8 foot sidewalks of both sides. The plan calls for full-depth reconstruction of 300 feet beyond the bridge itself on both approaches, which would include not just Main Street but also the Walnut Street connection. The demolition, removal and replacement will be conducted in stages to always allow one lane of traffic in both directions plus pedestrian access during all of the demolition and construction, much as was accomplished for the Waltham Street bridge a few years back. This may require a temporary sidewalk bridge, as did Waltham.

The 1872 Main Street bridge, standing on Walnut Street and
looking west. The farthest building was "Assabet House",
 a large boarding house demolished in 1962 to make room
for the present-day post office, which opened in 1963. 
Photo courtesy of Maynard Historical Society. 

The estimated cost of the project is on the order of $8.4 million, to be funded primarily through the Federal Transportation Improvement Program. Bridge replacement projects are notoriously slow - state records show initial consideration dating to 2005, then the Notice To Proceed (NTP) to begin negotiating a contract issued in 2022, with actual work-start scheduled for 2028. 

The history of a Main Street bridge over the Assabet River dates back to 1849, with replacements in 1872 and 1922. The 1872 bridge was of steel construction, as was the Walnut Street bridge of the same year. Both were replaced with rebar-reinforced concrete bridges. The contract was awarded to F.B. Saunders of Framingham, who had bid $34,485 to do both bridges, in August of 1922. (The smaller Florida Street bridge had been replaced in 1919 for $6,000.) In the photo, the tracks were for the electric trolley that serviced Hudson, Stow, Maynard and Concord, with a branch to Acton, over the years 1901-1923. 

Main Street bridge (built 1922) photographed from the rail
trail bridge, with the mill buildings in the background. The mill
processed raw wool to make cloth and blankets (1846-1950),
later the home for Digital Equipment Company (1957-1998).

The first bridge owed its existence to the woolen mill. Under the auspices of Amory Maynard and William Knight, a woolen mill was constructed in 1846. At that time there was a railroad line passing through South Acton, connecting Fitchburg to Boston, that had become operational in 1844. The mill, however, was on the south side of the Assabet River, with no convenient way for horse-drawn wagons to bring raw wool in and finished goods out from the railroad station at South Acton. This wooden bridge across the Assabet was completed in 1849 at a cost of $1,310.* It allowed wagons loaded with wool or other goods to more conveniently connect to the road north to South Acton. That road (now Route 27) also crossed Concord Street, thus providing a connection to Concord to the east and Stow to the west. The east/west road was ancient, as on April 19, 1775, Stow Minutemen had marched on it toward Concord to confront the British troops that had forayed out from Boston to seize guns and other militia supplies.  

*By 1850, with a lot of lobbying by Amory Maynard, a railroad spur from South Acton reached what was then informally named Assabet Village (later incorporating as Town of Maynard in 1871), and then extended to Marlborough in 1855. This is now the Assabet River Rail Trail. In Assabet Village, a short railroad spur was created directly into the woolen mill. In addition to transporting raw wool and finished goods, after the Civil War the railroad was delivering coal, and in that way allowing the Assabet Mill to convert from water power to coal-fueled steam engines. The mill also had a coal gasification facility to provide gas for gaslight for the mill and for the town's streetlights, and then later a generator for electric lights. Over the following decades Maynard's mill became the largest woolen mill in New England. It closed in 1950. The mill buildings complex have had various tenants and owners since then, most famously Digital Equipment Corporation (1957-1998), and later, Monster.com.     

Cedar Waxwings and Winterberry

Cedar Waxwing; note 'wax-like' deposits
at tips of wings and tail.

In Acton, MA, at the end of Sylvia Street (a dead end road on the west side of Route 27 as one heads toward Maynard) there is a small parking lot and a pedestrian ramp providing access to the Assabet River Rail Trail. As one descends the ramp, looking over the fence, there is a row of winterberry bushes.

Winterberry is a variety of holly that loses its leaves in the fall but retains its berries into winter. It is a popular garden plant for providing winter color. Like other holly varieties, a few male plants are required if the female plants are to bear fruit.  

I anticipated seeing the leaf-bare winterberry branches sporting a generous display of red berries. Instead, they looked picked over. And then I saw the culprits. A flock of about 20-25 Cedar Waxwings were alternating between sunning themselves in the branches of a near-by tree and diving down into the shade to sample the berries. 

Cedar Waxwings and Robins consume winterberry berries but most of the over-wintering bird species such as Sparrows, Cardinals and Blue Jays do not. Waxwings are not long-distance migrators, but they do tend to head south - to our area - in winter. 

Robins, in contrast, summer here but in the past almost all migrated south for winter, returning in spring. (Hence, "First robin of spring.") However, what with native Winterberry and invasive plants that provide berries - for example Multi-flora rose and Oriental bittersweet - significant numbers of Robins stay year-round. They travel in flocks in winter, and can clear a patch of winterberries in the course of an afternoon.  

Robin in a Winterberry thicket

Winterberry and holly berries are mildly toxic to humans and dogs and cats, in humans causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. 

  

Trail of Flowers Failures

Volunteer daffodil planters, fall of 2018

Hundreds of Mark's columns from his 12 years writing for the Beacon-Villager are accessible at maynardlifeoutdoors.com. The website includes an article directory by category (History, Nature, etc.). 

MAY UPDATE: Winter rabbit damage confirmed to weigela and Kousa dogwood. As leaf buds open we will see what recovers and what is dead. The patch of 100 yellow (and one red) tulips next to Summer Street has deteriorated to a dozen yellow tulips.

The Trail of Flowers (TOF) project (www.trailofflowers.com) had its beginnings when more than a dozen volunteers showed up in the fall of 2018 at the Marble Farm historic site to plant thousand of daffodils. Since then, close to $12,000 has been raised and spent to plant flowering bulbs, shrubs and trees at three sites in Acton, four in Maynard and two in Marlborough, all adjacent to the Assabet River Rail Trail (ARRT). Volunteers have been recruited via high school community service programs, garden clubs and residents interest in TOF. The Town of Hudson approved a site, but an inability to get a commitment from any volunteer group in Hudson led to that expansion being tabled. 

In the intervening years, amongst planting successes, there have been failures. Fall of 2021, nine small Kousa dogwoods were planted along High Street. These grew slowly, reaching heights of four to nine feet by fall of 2024. Winter of 2024-25 was a low snow year, and this gave rabbits access to the lower trunks of the trees. Come spring of 2025, all of the trees showed some gnawing damage, with two so extensive that no leaves appeared. Over the summer both of those put out new growth from the ground. A third - one of the tallest - mysteriously died in mid-summer. The remaining six had a sprinkling of flowers, with hopes for more as the trees mature, but there is always the risk of further rabbit depravations. Rabbits also decimated Eagle Scout planted weigela along High Street, but all of the plants recovered.

On the east side of where the Rail Trail crosses the river in Maynard there is a modest-sized grassy area with five large granite blocks - remnants of the railroad bridge that once crossed at the same site. In the fall of 2019 and again in 2020, tulip and grape hyacinth bulbs were planted amongst the blocks. Each year, the initial spring blooming was strong, but by the second spring the tulips were scant and the hyacinths diminished. By the third spring - worse. It is possible that the soil was contaminated from the railroad era's deposits of lead (from burning coal) and arsenic (used as a weed herbicide). There are no plans to try again. 

Extensive plantings between Summer and Concord streets suffer from competition from native and invasive species. At the north end, Virginia creeper vines overgrow the daylily bed unless cut back. Pokeweed pops up throughout. Further south, a large swath of Japanese knotweed (invasive) threatens daylily and iris plantings. English ivy is a slow-motion invasive ground cover that also forms vines which cling to tree trunks, causing damage. Maple trees overshade hophornbean trees, including the currently signed "Very Sad Tree." On a positive note, plantings of forsythia and beauty bush on the east side are thriving, and in doing so, contribute to blocking the view of the Enterprise and Emerald Acres parking areas. In time, the beauty bushes will be more than ten feet tall and wide. In late June these are covered in pink flowers favored by bees, bumblebees and hummingbirds. The forsythia, while celebrating early spring in yellow, are not pollinator friendly.

Winterberry is related to holly; it differs in that
the leaves fall off for winter. Male plants are
needed for the female plants to have berries.

In Acton, by the Sylvia Street parking area and access ramp, there have been a few failures, but in the main, the variety of flowering shrubs and trees are doing well. The row of winterberry display red berries in winter until either robins or cedar waxwings put in a hungry appearance. For robins, this used to mean "first robins of spring" but now ravenous hordes of non-migrating robins stay all winter, eating winterberry, Oriental bittersweet, multiflora rose hips, holly and juniper berries, etc.   

Also in Acton, north of the bridge over Fort Pond Creek, a long row of flowering "Double-Take" quince planted in the spring of 2024 are doing poorly. The summer drought hindered growth despite periodic watering. That winter saw deprivations by rabbits, which target the protein-rich bud ends of low branches, and then the summer drought of 2025 was an additional setback. There may also be an (untested) soil problem, as quince prefer slightly acidic soil. The growing season of 2026 may require soil treatment, fertilizer and weekly watering if the poorly-looking, foot-tall plants are ever to reach the promised height and width of four feet, creating, ideally, a striking flowering hedge. At one end of the row, a few flowering ninebark are doing somewhat better.

In Marlborough, six beauty bush plants, each about a foot tall, were planted at three locations near the south end of the Hudson/Marlborough end of ARRT in the fall of 2021. Despite notifying Marlborough's Dept. Public Works of the plantings and marking the plants with stakes, a visit during the summer of the next year found the stakes removed and the plants mowed over. The sites have not been since revisited to discover whether any recovered from the roots or continue to be mowed as part of DPW maintenance. A planting of daffodils with the help of the Marlborough Garden Club and another of grape hyacinth by Marlborough Girl Scouts probably both need refreshing.    

Tulips and sculpture inside the fence
at the Marble Farm Historic Site

Tulips, unless planted in the best of growing conditions, fail after a few years. Typically, a large bed of the same type will display height-, size- and timing-matched blooms the first year. By second year there may be variations. By third year some will refuse to bloom at all, instead displaying only one large leaf. By fourth year, if not dug up and all bulbs discarded and replaced, the entire bed may have failed. Part of the tulip plantings inside the fence at the Marble Farm Historic Site failed prematurely in the second year, so that bed was dug up and replanted with 200 bulbs in the fall of 2025. Fingers crossed for a good display next spring.    

Extensive tree plantings pre-date Trail of Flowers. Clearing space for construction of the Rail Trail in Maynard included removal of more than 600 trees of more than four inches in diameter that had grown next to and between the rails in the 50+ years since the last train passed. The budget to create the trail included planting of 600 trees in Acton and Maynard in 2017, at a cost of about $200,000. Roughly 15% died from being planted in areas too wet, too dry, too shaded, etc. Others were smothered by over-growing Oriental bittersweet vines. However, the majority are thriving; the firs and spruces, initially 5-6 feet tall, are mostly 10-15 feet tall as of fall 2025.

Tulip trees (yellow poplars) that were initially 2-3 inches in diameter are now topping 6 inches. Four of these are in the green-space south of Concord Street. Once mature, they will display tulip-shaped flowers in spring, a striking yellow leaf color in fall, and can easily top 75 feet in height. Tulip trees are messy - dropping flowers, sap, leaves and wind-snapped branches - and are also susceptible to tipping over in strong wind storms. 

TOF donations welcome! Checks to be made out to Assabet River Rail Trail Inc and mailed to David Mark, 10 Maple Street, Maynard MA 01754. (ARRT is the parent organization for Trail of Flowers, and is a 501(c)(3) organization.) Or donate via PayPal to damark51@gmail.com or Venmo to www.venmo.com/u/DavidAMark51.  

 

  

Maynard's house prices

In my 2011 book "Maynard:History and Life Outdoors" I included an observation on comparing Maynard to the neighboring towns of Acton, Concord, Sudbury and Stow. That table included area, population, population per square mile, percent rentals, median house prices and median household income. The information was sourced from 2010 data from city-data.com. The question, then, is how have things changed over the intervening 15 years? 

  TOWN      AREA    POPULATION   POP/SQ MI   %RENTALS   MED. HOUSE   MED. INCOME

   Maynard     5.2 sq.mi.    10,100             1,942              30%              $308,000           $  78,100

   Acton        19.8               20,400            1,030               24                   536,000             117,500

   Concord    25.0               17,500               700               19                   725,000             123,200

   Sudbury    24.3               17,300               710                 8                   692,000             152,200

   Stow         17.6                 6,100                350              13                   485,000              123,600

Maple Street house purchased from builder in 1870. The left side
displays additions, as the first floor replaced a porch with a TV room 
on a concrete slab, and the second floor replaced an attic room
with a bathroom and a walk-in closet with a clothes washer/dryer. Behind 
the TV room, the kitchen was extended 12 feet past the foundation. The
original purchase price in 1870 was $2,430; estimate now >$700,000.

From the above, one could have referred to Maynard as "the low cost hole in the middle of a high cost donut." As far as housing costs, the high-to-low order was Concord, Sudbury, Acton, Stow and Maynard, with the first two having a median house value of more than twice that of Maynard. For a recent year, city-data is incomplete on median values, but Zillow provides average values for 2025 through September. The high-to-low order is the same: Concord $1,440,000, Sudbury $1,135,000, Acton $864,000, Stow $811,000, and lastly Maynard at $600,000.  

Average sales prices cannot be directly compared to median sales prices because a handful of extra-high sales will shift the average higher than the median (which is a value with half of sales above and half below). In Concord, there are sales of homes in the multiple-millions. Even in Maynard, in 2025 there have already been sales of homes, mostly much newer and larger than most of Maynard's housing stock, and near the Sudbury border, in the range of  $850,000 to $950,000. Regardless, the general picture is that Maynard, while having crept comparatively closer to the others, is still a low-cost option. 

As for population growth, the 2020 census pegged Maynard at 10,745, Acton at 24,021, Concord at 18,491, Sudbury at 18,934 and Stow at 7,174. Thus, Acton and Stow grew by about 17% and the others under 10%. Maynard has since crossed 11,000 (its highest population ever) with the addition of several apartment projects at Maynard Crossing and elsewhere, but still under 10% growth compared to 2010. Given the limited availability of developable land, and perhaps limits on its water supply, Maynard may never top 12,000. Note that for Massachusetts as a whole, predictions for the next 25 years are no population growth - basically flat at seven million. 

On an interesting local history note, because Maynard was an early industry town surrounded by farm and orchard towns, until after World War II the population of Maynard was larger than the combined populations of Acton, Stow and Sudbury. Only after WWII did those become fast-growing commuter suburbs.

Predicting the future of housing prices is difficult. Recent government policy on legal immigration and actions against non-legal immigration will have a massive effect on U.S. population predictions, and thus on demand for housing; the latter affecting whether the value of housing increases faster, the same or lower than the inflation rate. For a country with no immigration, population maintenance calls for 2.1 births per woman. Many countries - including the U.S. - are now well below this rate.* Countries in Europe and the far East have 'empty' villages with no children being born, and have shrinking cities. For the United States - until this year - immigration (legal and illegal) compensated for the declining birth rate, but with immigration stalled and birthrates in immigrant families becoming Americanized, it is not impossible to imagine that inflation-adjusted housing prices could peak in the future and decline thereafter, paralleling a peak and then a decline in population.

Japan is a good example, with population peaking circa 2010 at 128 million and a decline expected to reach 106 million by 2050. Prolonged low birth rates lead to a higher percentage of older people in the total population. Already, an estimated 10 million house properties are empty - abandoned by heirs when their aged parents die.

*At https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison/ the United States ranks 133rd with 1.84 births per woman. Japan is at 1.40 and South Korea at 1.12. 

Maynard's 150 years of food CO-OPs

Riverside Co-op building (1882-1936), corner of Nason
and Summer; store was Nason-entrance, first floor

From 1875 to 2025, Maynard has been host to nine co-operatives. The oldest was Riverside Co-operative Association (1875-1936). The longest duration and largest was United Co-operative Society (initially named Kaleva Co-operative Association), from 1907 to 1973. A U.S. Department of Labor report for 1947 mentioned that United was one of the top ten co-ops in the country for membership and for annual sales.   

To get back to the origins of the co-operative concept, in 1844 a group of 28 weavers in Rochdale, England, organized the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, “…and opened their first store, with a small stock of flour, oatmeal, butter and sugar.” Soon added tea, tobacco and candles. Their guidelines formed the basis for the principles on which co-operatives around the world continue to operate. The Rochdale Pioneers became highly successful, with 1,400 members by 1855 and 5,560 members by 1870, able to shop at many stores. Other co-operatives, modeled on the Pioneers, in time covered almost all of the United Kingdom.

1865 photo of 13 of the original 28 founders

There had been earlier attempts to establish co-operatives that were basically buyer’s clubs, which by pooling their purchases were able to buy at wholesale prices and sell to members at below retail prices. The Rochdale Pioneers were one the early co-operative efforts to add profit-sharing to members based on a percentage of the cost of the goods the members purchased, i.e., a patronage dividend. The seven Rochdale Principles were Open membership, Democratic control, Distribution of surplus, Limited interest on capital, Political and religious neutrality, No buying on credit, and Co-op education.

Open membership: Although co-operatives often started as groups of workers within one laborer profession (weavers, miners…) or group (Finns, Italians…), ideally, membership was not limited. Membership was also voluntary, meaning that members of a union could not be required to also join the union co-operative. Non-members could shop at the stores at the same prices as members, but would not get additional benefits.

Democratic control: All shareholders had one vote regardless of how many shares they owned. Typically, membership shares in the early twentieth century cost $5, equal to a bit more than a day's factory worker's pay. Shares could be sold back to the co-operative, but not to other people. 

Distribution of surplus: At the end of a fiscal year, profits were distributed to members based on the amounts of goods they had purchased during the year. In a pre-computer era, members saved their receipts, then brought all receipts to the co-operative. Staff checked their totals. For Maynard’s Riverside and United co-ops, depending on how well the year had gone, members got a cash payment ranging from one percent to as high as ten percent of their year’s purchases. If the co-operative had operated at a loss, no refund that year. 

Interest on capital: In addition to reimbursements, shareholders got interest on their investment (but share value did not change). When a co-operative voted to dissolve, shareholders expected to get their original investment back.

Neutrality: Co-operatives were supposed to operate neutral to issues of religion, race or politics. The American reality was that co-ops were started by immigrant groups – in Maynard, English, Finnish, Polish, Russian – and often conducted business meetings in their native language.  

Cash only: Many early efforts at establishing co-operatives were under-capitalized, and foundered when members were allowed to purchase goods on credit. Two of Maynard’s co-ops failed in the Great Depression for this reason. 

Education: Programs were conducted to educate members and non-members on co-operative principles. For example, Maynard’s United Co-operative Association had adult classes, Young Co-operators’ Club, and Co-operative Day Camp. 

As previously noted, Riverside was Maynard’s oldest. It was started by English and Scottish immigrants who worked at the woolen mill. Many of them may have been familiar with the co-operative movement in the United Kingdom. Riverside began in 1875 as a chapter in an American movement, the “Order of the Sovereigns of Industry.” This was an urban workers organization modelled on the Grange – a farmers’ organization formally known as the “Order of Patrons of Husbandry.” "Sovereigns" was in effect a buyers’ club with intention to secure high quality goods at lower prices. Locally, this meant buying wholesale in Boston, transported to Maynard by train. Nationally, the Sovereigns organization faltered under financial mismanagement, but in 1878 the local chapter reformed itself as the Riverside Co-Operative Association and persevered.

Riverside's shares were $5 each (equivalent to about $150 in today’s dollars), with individual members limited to 60 shares. The total capital investment was $1,500. Per the by-laws, regardless of how many shares owned, each shareholder had one vote. The operation started in the basement of the Darling Block building (northeast corner of Summer and Nason streets), moved to the Riverside Block (now the site of the new apartment building next to CVS), and then in 1882 built its own building at the southwest corner of Summer and Nason. The building was a four-story wooden edifice, with the store on the first floor, entrance on Nason Street. The other floors were rented out. 

By 1909, Riverside had more than 600 members. In addition to quality of goods and competitive prices, members were twice a year paid a cash refund ranging from two to ten percent based on how much shopping they had done and how good a year the co-op was having. Additionally, shares earned five percent interest. A decline started with recession of 1920, compounded by cost of repair after a fire, same year. In 1929 the store business was sold to George Morse (the store manager), while the co-op continued to own the building. A large fire in January 1936 led to dissolution of the Association later that year and sale of the site to Knights of Columbus, which had been a long-time tenant. Proceeds were divided amongst the remaining shareholders. The subsequent brick K of C building now hosts SUTRA Studio.

A document from the United Co-operative Society criticized Riverside as having emphasis on dividends to stockholders, but without an education program for members and their children, leading to lost coherence as a social institution. Contributing factors were that the children of the founders of Riverside were moving up the socio-economic ladder at same time as England and Scotland were less of a source of Maynard's immigrant labor. A front-page newspaper article from 1913 had noted that prior to 1900 the town was mostly English-speaking, but the expansion of the mill had doubled the town’s population by bringing in large numbers of immigrants from Finland, Poland, Lithuania and Italy.

There were smaller and shorter-lived co-opertive efforts. Suomalainen Osuuskauppa, which translates as ‘Finnish Co-operative Store’, started 1899. Capitalized at only $800, it lasted a few years before dissolving and selling its store to a private owner. Maynard had a chapter of the Grange, started 1913, but unlike in rural situations, the Grange never operated a store. Gutteridge’s 1921 history mentions “Keefe’s Co-operative” without any details. The Historical Society has a share certificate for the Russian Co-operative Association dated 1917, but there is no other evidence in the collection that this effort reached its capitalization goal of $5,000 or became operative. 

Shares were typically price at $5 each (equiv. to $150 today)

The Maynard Co-operative Milk Association was formed in 1914. Three years later it split, with some of the dairy farmers becoming the diary operations of the United Co-operative Society. The other members, who did not want to affiliate with the Socialist/Communist atheist United, formed the First National Association, which existed to 1941. It owned and operated out of a building on the corner of Main and River streets that had been the Somerset Hotel, site now occupied by Thai Chilli. The International Co-operative Association was started in 1911 by immigrants from Poland. It lasted 20 years. It began in a building near the Methodist Church, later moved to space in the Masonic Building. Membership numbered 200 to 400 over the years. First National and International failed in part because they extended credit to members during the Great Depression. 

United's pine tree logo as a 
stained glass window in the
Historical Society collection

The Kaleva Co-operative Association started in 1907 by Finnish immigrants, morphed into the United Co-operative Society of Maynard in 1921. It continued to exist to 1973. “Kaleva” refers to an ancient, mythological, Finnish ruler known from a 19th century work of epic poetry and story-telling compiled by folklorist researcher Elias Lonnrot. The work, “The Kalevala,” is regarded as the national epic of Finland, instrumental in fostering a sense of Finnish national identity that culminated in the Finnish declaration of independence from Russian rule in 1917. Locally, immigrants had formed the Finnish Workingmen’s Socialist Society in 1903, from whom the 187 founders of the Kaleva co-operative were drawn.

According to a book, “The Finnish Imprint,” a delegation of Finnish immigrants had initially approached the large and prospering Riverside Co-operative Association with the idea of becoming members. Because many of the recent immigrants did not speak English, they asked that the co-operative hire Finnish store clerks. This suggestion was rebuffed, with a reply that if they did not like the service they received, they should start their own store. They did. The business was initially capitalized at $1,600 from sale of 320 shares at $5/share. The initial location was a rented storefront at 56 Main Street. By 1912 the co-operative had bought the entire two-story building, soon after added a bakery operation, a dairy with home delivery, and a restaurant on the second floor, serving meals to hundreds of workers living in neighboring boarding houses.

Maynard was not the only home to a Finnish-organized co-operative. Fitchburg has the Into Co-operative and Quincy the Turva Co-operative. In 1919, Maynard and these and others merged to create the United Co-operative Society of New England. This was short-lived due to financial and political disagreements, the end result being that the Maynard group reorganized as the United Co-operative Society of Maynard, and Fitchburg becoming the United Co-operative Society of Fitchburg.     

United’s by-laws had added an eighth principle to the previously described Rochdale seven – continuous expansion. Over the first 50 years, membership grew from 184 to 2,960 as delivery of coal and firewood (1924), fuel oil (1933) and ice (1934) were added. In addition to the Main Street store, a branch store was opened on the northeast corner of Waltham and Powder Mill Roads (1926), superseded by moving the branch store operations to a new building at the northwest corner of the same intersection (1936). This remained active until it was sold to Murphy and Snyder printers in 1957. Next door was a Co-op automobile gas and service station (1934). A credit union was added in 1948.

A report by the U.S. Bureau of Labor at that time stated that the United Co-operative Society of Maynard was one of the ten largest in the country, calculated either by number of members or annual sales. More than half the households in Maynard belonged to United. At its peak, the co-operative had more than 50 full-time employees, with medical benefits and life insurance – unusual for that era.  

United survived the competition from an A&P supermarket operating on Nason Street (in the building now housing The Outdoor Store), but the presence of Victory Supermarket on Powder Mill Road, combined with the freedom to food shop elsewhere provided by increased car ownership, put pressure on the co-operative. In June 1973 that was a vote to dissolve.

Entrance to ASSABET CO-OP MARKET, Powdermill Road

After a no co-ops gap in 1981 a natural foods effort named the Carob Tree Co-op was started in Concord by Debra Stark. It later moved to Acton, then Maynard, where it occupied a small store on River Street, then back to Acton. Stark went on to start Debra’s Natural Gourmet in West Concord in 1989. 

And now - after a much longer no co-ops gap - we have the Assabet Co-op Market (assabetmarket.coop). Its origins date back to small group meetings in 2012. The Co-op opened in May 2023 with more than 2,000 owner/members, currently more than 2,700. The Co-op is an 8,000 square foot, full-service grocery store located at 86 Powdermill Road (Route 62) with a small cafe, and a deck overlooking the Assabet River. Hours are 8am-8pm every day. Joining costs $200 and members receive an annual dividend in profitable years. Non-members are welcome to shop - goods priced as the same for members - but do not take advantage of the members rebate. Assabet makes a point of sourcing food from local farms whenever possible. So now, 150 years after the first, Maynard is once again a co-operative town!